DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2026.62328
View PDF Download fulltext

Effect of single-layer graphene incorporation on TiO₂ photoanodes for enhanced photovoltaic performance of chlorophyll-based dye-sensitized solar cells

1Master Program of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, State University of Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia

3Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudal, Johor 81310, Indonesia

Received: 4 Feb 2026; Revised: 16 May 2026; Accepted: 29 Jun 2026; Available online: 20 Jul 2026; Published: 1 Sep 2026.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

The increasing demand for renewable energy technologies has encouraged extensive research on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) utilizing environmentally friendly and sustainable conductive materials. This study aims to synthesize and characterize TiO₂/single-layer graphene composites as photoanodes to improve electron transport and photovoltaic performance in chlorophyll-based DSSCs. TiO₂/single-layer graphene composites were prepared with graphene concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% v/v, while pure TiO₂ was used as the control sample. The synthesized composites were deposited onto FTO substrates as photoanode films, and their structural, morphological, chemical, and optical properties were analyzed using XRD, SEM, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The photovoltaic performance of the fabricated DSSCs was evaluated through current–voltage (I–V) measurements. The results demonstrate that incorporation of single-layer graphene significantly improves crystallinity, surface homogeneity, and interfacial interaction between TiO₂ and graphene, as confirmed by the formation of Ti–O–C bonding. UV–Vis analysis revealed enhanced visible-light absorption, a redshift in the absorption edge, and reduced optical band gap energy after graphene incorporation, indicating improved light-harvesting capability. Among all investigated compositions, the TiO₂/single-layer graphene photoanode containing 1.0% v/v graphene exhibited the highest photovoltaic performance, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 1.09% with a fill factor of 63.7%. However, excessive graphene incorporation at 1.5% v/v caused particle agglomeration and reduced film uniformity, which negatively affected DSSC performance. Overall, moderate incorporation of single-layer graphene effectively enhanced conductivity, charge transport, and photovoltaic properties, highlighting its strong potential as an environmentally friendly conductive material for sustainable chlorophyll-based DSSC applications. 

Keywords: TiO₂–graphene; Dye-sensitized solar cell; Chlorophyll dye; Electron transfer; Photoanode

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Mathematical model to evaluate the effect of key operating conditions on proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance Tea (Camellia sinensis) processing residues: Thermochemical characterization of stalks and off-grade leaves for renewable energy Drying turmeric slices using a photovoltaic ventilation direct solar dryer: Drying characteristics and interactions of heat and mass transfer More recent articles
Most cited articles
Integration of 5G Technologies in Smart Grid Communication-A Short Survey Influence of the Determination Methods of K and C Parameters on the Ability of Weibull Distribution to Suitably Estimate Wind Potential and Electric Energy Influence of Temperature on Electrical Characteristics of Different Photovoltaic Module Technologies Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Approach for Selecting Solar Plants Site and Technology: A Review Modelling the Kinetics of Biogas Production from Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cow Dung with Plantain Peels More cited articles
  1. Agrawal, A., Siddiqui, S. A., Soni, A., & Sharma, G. D. (2022). Advancements, frontiers and analysis of metal oxide semiconductor, dye, electrolyte and counter electrode of dye sensitized solar cell. Sol. Nergy., 233, 378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2022.01.027
  2. Alamu, G. A., Ayanlola, P. S., Babalola, K. K., Adedokun, O., Sanusi, Y. K., & Fajinmi, G. R. (2024). Green synthesis and characterizations of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera extract for improved performance in dye-sensitized solar cell. Chemical Physics Impact, 8, 100542. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHPHI.2024.100542
  3. Alhaji Abubakar, A., Sadiq Abubakar, Y., Mohammed Kimpa, I., Ibrahim Olalonpe, S., & Isah Uthman, K. (2025). Exploring the Impact of Surface Treatments on Electron Transport and Recombination in DSSC Plasmonic Photoanodes: A Systematic Review. Plasmonics, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11468-025-03011-6/METRICS
  4. AlSultan, H. A., Shafie, S., Hamidon, M. N., Ismail, I., Pandey, S. S., & Ahmad, F. (2024). Advancing dye-sensitized solar cell performance with bifacial illumination: A novel Stack Formation Framework approach. Optical Materials, 153. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OPTMAT.2024.115535;
  5. Amir-Al Zumahi, S. M., Arobi, N., Mahbubur Rahman, M., Kamal Hossain, M., Ara Jahan Rozy, M., Bashar, M. S., Amri, A., Kabir, H., Abul Hossain, M., & Ahmed, F. (2021). Understanding the optical behaviours and the power conversion efficiency of novel organic dye and nanostructured TiO2 based integrated DSSCs. Solar Energy, 225, 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.07.024
  6. Amollo, T. A. (2024). Metallic nanoparticles and hybrids of metallic nanoparticles/graphene nanomaterials for enhanced photon harvesting and charge transport in polymer and dye sensitized solar cells. Heliyon, 10(5), e26401. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2024.E26401
  7. Ashfaq, M., Talreja, N., Singh, N., & Chauhan, D. (2023). 2D-Nanolayer (2D-NL)-Based Hybrid Materials: A Next-Generation Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Electronics (Switzerland), 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ELECTRONICS12030570
  8. Athanasopoulos, E., & Conradie, J. (2024). DFT study of the spectroscopic behaviour of different iron(II)-terpyridine derivatives with application in DSSCs. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 129, 108753. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMGM.2024.108753
  9. Atilgan, A., & Yildiz, A. (2022). Ni-doped TiO2/TiO2 homojunction photoanodes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. International Journal of Energy Research, 46(10), 14558–14569. https://doi.org/10.1002/ER.8175
  10. Ayaz, M., Alatawi, A. S., Hijji, M., Namazi, M. A., & Ershath, M. I. M. (2024). Improving charge transfer properties and solar cell performance by In-doped TiO2 as an efficient photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 188, 111913. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPCS.2024.111913
  11. Bandara, T. M. W. J., Gunathilake, S. M. S., Dissanayake, M. A. K. L., Pemasiri, B. M. K., Albinsson, I., & Mellander, B. E. (2024). A review of the development of graphene-incorporated dye-sensitized solar cells. Ionics 2024 30:11, 30(11), 6789–6809. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11581-024-05752-6
  12. Bandara, T. M. W. J., Gunathilake, S. M. S., Gamachchi, G. G. D. M. G., Pemasiri, B. M. K., Ajith DeSilva, L., Dissanayake, M. A. K. L., & Kumara, G. R. A. (2024). Strategic graphene integration in multilayer photoanodes for enhanced quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells and performance under variable irradiance. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10800-024-02204-X
  13. Bhumika, Goyal, R. K., Varshney, M., Sahai, A., Ahemad, F., & Sharma, A. (2026). Next-Generation Oxide-Based Photovoltaics: Role of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene Derivatives, and Ionic Liquids in Device Engineering. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 2026, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11665-026-14013-8
  14. Bousrez, G., Renier, O., Adranno, B., Smetana, V., & Mudring, A. V. (2021). Ionic Liquid-based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells - Insights into Electrolyte and Redox Mediator Design. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 9(24), 8107–8114. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01057/asset/images/large/sc1c01057_0006.jpeg
  15. Chakraborty, A., Lucarelli, G., Xu, J., Skafi, Z., Castro-Hermosa, S., Kaveramma, A. B., Balakrishna, R. G., & Brown, T. M. (2024). Photovoltaics for indoor energy harvesting. Nano Energy, 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109932
  16. Chang, Y. C., Tseng, C. A., Lee, C. P., Ann, S. B., Huang, Y. J., Ho, K. C., & Chen, Y. T. (2020). N- and S-codoped graphene hollow nanoballs as an efficient Pt-free electrocatalyst for dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Power Sources, 449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227470
  17. Chaudhari, A., Kumar, A., Kumar, S., & Kushwaha, S. (2024). Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by green approach: Application as photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Materials Research Bulletin, 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATERRESBULL.2024.112909
  18. Chou, J. C., Chen, P. F., Yang, P. H., Lai, C. H., Kuo, P. Y., Nien, Y. H., Zhuang, S. W., Syu, R. H., & Huang, Y. H. (2023). Modification of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells With Sputter-Deposited Titanium Dioxide Blocking Layer for Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance Under Different Illuminations. IEEE Access, 11, 98082–98092. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3313558
  19. Chou, J. C., Syu, R. H., Yang, P. H., Kuo, P. Y., Nien, Y. H., Lai, C. H., Chen, P. F., Wu, Y. T., & Zhuang, S. W. (2023). Graphene Quantum Dots as a Co-Sensitizer With Improving Light Absorption for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 22, 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2023.3235335
  20. Ding, S., Yang, C., Yuan, J., Li, H., Yuan, X., & Li, M. (2023). An overview of the preparation and application of counter electrodes for DSSCs. RSC Advances, 13(18), 12309–12319. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA00926B
  21. Dissanayake, M. A. K. L., Senthuran, S., & Senadeera, G. K. R. (2025). Plasmonic enhanced multifunctional composite photoanode for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 29(9), 3705–3718. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10008-025-06233-0
  22. Erdogdu, M., Atilgan, A., Erdogdu, Y., & Yildiz, A. (2024). Flavonoid from Hedera helix fruits: A promising new natural sensitizer for DSSCs. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 448, 115288. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPHOTOCHEM.2023.115288
  23. Hosseinnezhad, M., Ghahari, M., Mobarhan, G., Fathi, M., Palevicius, A., Nutalapati, V., Janusas, G., & Nasiri, S. (2023). New Insights into Improving the Photovoltaic Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Removing Platinum from the Counter Electrode Using a Graphene-MoS2 Composite or Hybrid. Micromachines, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/MI14122161
  24. Hosseinnezhad, M., Gharanjig, K., Ghahari, M., Nasiri, S., & Fathi, M. (2024). Investigation of the use of food waste in renewable energy production: Extraction, fabrication and characterization of natural photosensitizers in DSSCs. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 72, 104066. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SETA.2024.104066
  25. Igman, E., Bayram, O., Mavi, A., Hasar, U. C., & Simsek, O. (2021). Photovoltaic performance of non-covalent functionalized single-layer graphene in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Journal of Materials Science, 56(6), 4184–4196. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10853-020-05535-0/FIGURES/9
  26. Iman, R. N., Younas, M., Harrabi, K., & Mekki, A. (2024). Fabrication and characterization of natural dye-sensitized solar cells using an efficient natural sensitizer derived from Laurus nobilis L. Dyes and Pigments, 225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2024.112057
  27. Irfan, M., Khan, M. I., Ikram-ul-haq, Amami, M., Ahson, R., & Alabbad, E. A. (2022). Alabbad, Effect of Fe ions beam on the structural, optical, photovoltaic properties of TiO2 based dye-sensitized solar cells. Opt Mater, 123, 111794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111794
  28. kavitha, N., Alivelu, M., & Savithajyostna, T. (2024). Synthesis, Theoretical studies, and antibacterial activity of Novel Zn(II) metal complex with salicylaldehyde semicarbazone, and ortho phenylene diamine ligands. Chemical Physics Impact, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2024.100602
  29. Konwar, S., Singh, D., Strzałkowski, K., Masri, M. N. Bin, Yahya, M. Z. A., Diantoro, M., Savilov, S. V., & Singh, P. K. (2023). Stable and Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Supercapacitors Developed Using Ionic-Liquid-Doped Biopolymer Electrolytes. Molecules, 28(13), 5099. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135099
  30. Kouhestanian, E., Mozaffari, S. A., Ranjbar, M., & Amoli, H. S. (2020). Enhancing the electron transfer process of TiO2-based DSSC using DC magnetron sputtered ZnO as an efficient alternative for blocking layer. Organic Electronics, 86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2020.105915
  31. Lana, G. M., Bello, I. T., Adedokun, O. M., Adenigba, V. O., Jubu, P. R., Adedokun, O., Sanusi, Y. K., Dhlamini, M. S., & Awodugba, A. O. (2024). One-Dimensional TiO2 Nanocomposite-based Photoanode for Dye-Sensitized solar Cells: A review. Solar Energy, 279, 112850. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2024.112850
  32. Ma’arifah, A., Sholeha, N., Pujiarti, H., Diantoro, M., Hidayat, A., & Osman, Z. (2025). The effect of RF sputtering power variation on blocking layer TiO2 on the performance of DSSC. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces, 18, 100456. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSURFI.2025.100456
  33. Mahalingam, S., Manap, A., Lau, K. S., Omar, A., Chelvanathan, P., Chia, C. H., Amin, N., Mathews, I. J., Afandi, N. F., & Rahim, N. A. (2022). Mixture deposition method for graphene quantum dots-based dye-sensitized solar cell. Electrochimica Acta, 404, 139732. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ELECTACTA.2021.139732
  34. Mahalingam, S., Manap, A., Rabeya, R., Lau, K. S., Chia, C. H., Abdullah, H., Amin, N., & Chelvanathan, P. (2023a). Electron transport of chemically treated graphene quantum dots-based dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochimica Acta, 439, 141667. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ELECTACTA.2022.141667
  35. Mahalingam, S., Manap, A., Rabeya, R., Lau, K. S., Chia, C. H., Abdullah, H., Amin, N., & Chelvanathan, P. (2023b). Electron transport of chemically treated graphene quantum dots-based dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochimica Acta, 439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141667
  36. Mandal, S., & Kandregula, G. R. (2023). A computational finding on the effect of π-conjugated acceptors in thiophene-linked coumarin dyes for potential suitability in DSSC application. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 435, 114300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114300
  37. Maurya, I. C., Singh, S., Sharma, S., Kushwaha, S. P. S., Srivastava, P., & Bahadur, L. (2024). Enhanced conversion efficiency enabled with natural dyes extracted from Mirabilis flower and Bixa seed revealing prospects of application of co-sensitized DSSC. Optik, 317, 172072. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJLEO.2024.172072
  38. Muchuweni, E., Mombeshora, E. T., Martincigh, B. S., & Nyamori, V. O. (2022). Graphitic carbon nitride-based new-generation solar cells: Critical challenges, recent breakthroughs and future prospects. Solar Energy, 239, 74–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2022.04.039
  39. Muchuweni, E., Mombeshora, E. T., Muiva, C. M., Sathiaraj, T. S., Yildiz, A., & Pugliese, D. (2025). Towards high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells by utilizing reduced graphene oxide-based composites as potential alternatives to conventional electrodes: A review. Next Materials, 6, 100477. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NXMATE.2024.100477
  40. Muhammad, Sofyan, N., Yuwono, A. H., & Dhaneswara, D. (2025). A review on green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles: enhancing DSSC performance and exploring future opportunities. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 8, 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2025.07.001
  41. Prakash, P., & Janarthanan, B. (2023). Review on the progress of light harvesting natural pigments as DSSC sensitizers with high potency. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 152, 110638. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INOCHE.2023.110638
  42. Prima, E. C., Rusliani, P. F., Suhendi, E., & Yuliarto, B. (2024). Performance of dye-sensitized solar cells with mixed three natural pigments and reduced graphene oxide as a counter electrode. Results in Optics, 14, 100592. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RIO.2023.100592
  43. Qamar, S., & Erten Ela, S. (2024). Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC): Principles, materials and working mechanism. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 74, 101871. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COCIS.2024.101871
  44. Rahman, S., Haleem, A., Siddiq, M., Hussain, M. K., Qamar, S., Hameed, S., & Waris, M. (2023). Research on dye sensitized solar cells: recent advancement toward the various constituents of dye sensitized solar cells for efficiency enhancement and future prospects. RSC Advances, 13(28), 19508–19529. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA00903C
  45. Ramaripa, P. S., Modibane, K. D., Makgopa, K., Seerane, O. A., Maubane-Nkadimeng, M. S., Makhado, E., & Pandey, S. (2023). Influence of phthalocyanine nanowire dye on the performance of titanium dioxide-metal organic framework nanocomposite for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJA.2023.100485
  46. Raveena, J., Chandrapal, R. R., Bakiyaraj, G., Manikandan, V. S., Athitya, S., Archana, J., & Navaneethan, M. (2023). Synergetic effect of 2D/2D Co-SnS2 with reduced graphene oxide heterostructure for Pt-free counter electrode. Materials Today Communications, 34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105204
  47. Richhariya, G., Kumar, A., Shukla, A. K., Shukla, K. N., & Chanakaewsomboon, I. (2023). Efficient photosensitive light harvesting dye sensitized solar cell using hibiscus and rhodamine dyes. Journal of Power Sources, 572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233112
  48. Richhariya, G., Kumar, A., Shukla, A. K., Shukla, K. N., & Meikap, B. C. (2023). Effect of Different Counter Electrodes on Power Conversion Efficiency of DSSCs. Journal of Electronic Materials, 52(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11664-022-09973-1
  49. Saadat, F., Alizadeh, A., Roudgar-Amoli, M., & Shariatinia, Z. (2022). Exploring the influence of Zn2SnO4/ZIF-8 nanocomposite photoelectrodes on boosting efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells. Ceramics International, 48(15), 21853–21864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.04.165
  50. Shaikh, R. S., Rajput, R. B., & Kale, R. B. (2024). Inexpensive green synthesis of natural dye-sensitized solar cells with aqueous solution as a Bi2S3 counter electrode. Next Materials, 3, 100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2023.100051
  51. Sharma, S. J., Sonigara, K. K., Machhi, H. K., Soni, S. S., & Sekar, N. (2023). Significance of anchoring group design on light harvesting efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells and non-linear optical response. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136435
  52. Shikh Zahari, S. M. S. N., Muhamad Tajuddin, N. H., Che Sam, N. F. I., Elzaneen, K. M. H., Puspitasari, P., Weber, C. C., & Mohd Zainon, N. (2023). Iron magnetic nanoparticles coated with different loadings of polyvinylpyrrolidone: Evaluation of magnetic properties and morphology. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111534
  53. Siddiqui, H., Ali, U., Sahito, I. A., Malik, S. A., Sun, K. C., & Mengal, N. (2024). Comprehensive review of carbon materials as counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells: Efficiency assessment and deposition methods. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 172, 108074. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSSP.2023.108074
  54. Teja, A. S., Srivastava, A., Akash Kumar Satrughna, J., Kumar Tiwari, M., Kanwade, A., Lee, H., Ogura, A., & Shirage, P. M. (2023). Synergistic co-sensitization of environment-friendly chlorophyll and anthocyanin-based natural dye-sensitized solar cells: An effective approach towards enhanced efficiency and stability. Solar Energy, 261, 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.06.004
  55. Tiwari, A., Singh, S., & Srivastava, P. (2024). Exploring the potential of potato starch-capped TiO2 nanoparticles for DSSC photoanodes. Results in Optics, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RIO.2024.100630
  56. Torres, F. G., & De-la-Torre, G. E. (2022). Green algae as a sustainable source for energy generation and storage technologies. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 53, 102658. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SETA.2022.102658
  57. Trihutomo, P. (2024). Potential of Palm Leaves (Arrenga Pinnata) As Light Wave Absorber and Electron Source in Organic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). AIP Conference Proceedings, 2991(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0198610/3296816
  58. Trihutomo, P., Marji, Harly, M., Wahyudi, B. A., & Radja, M. B. (2022). The effect of Clathrin protein addition on increasing the number of electrons in organic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, 2022(2), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2022.001957
  59. Vibavakumar, S., Nisha, K. D., Archana, J., Navaneethan, M., & Harish, S. (2024). Synergistic effect and enhanced charge transfer in Nb2O5-rGO/TiO2 photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Sol Energy, 271, 112398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112398
  60. Xu, H., Zhu, G., & Jin, Z. (2020). Electron migration optimization through nanostructural control of hierarchical Fe3O4 based counter electrodes for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114214
  61. Yan, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Ding, F., Lei, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, J., & Kang, W. (2025). Review on TiO2 nanostructured photoanode and novel dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells application. Journal of Materials Science 2025 60:11, 60(11), 4975–5005. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10853-025-10734-8
  62. Yeoh, M. E., Chan, K. Y., Wong, H. Y., Low, P. L., How Thien, G. S., Ng, Z. N., Ananda Murthy, H. C., & Balachandran, R. (2023). Hydrothermal duration effect on the self-assembled TiO2 photo-anode for DSSC application. Optical Materials, 141, 113907. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OPTMAT.2023.113907
  63. Zheng, D., Yang, X., Čuček, L., Wang, J., Ma, T., & Yin, C. (2024). Revolutionizing dye-sensitized solar cells with nanomaterials for enhanced photoelectric performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 464, 142717. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.142717
  64. Znidi, F., Morsy, M., & Nizam Uddin, M. (2024). Recent advances of graphene-based materials in planar perovskite solar cells. Next Nanotechnology, 5, 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NXNANO.2024.100061

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-07-27 01:29:50

No citation recorded.