DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2026.61637

Light intensity enhances fatty acid and biomass composition of an acidophilic Euglena sp. isolated from Dieng Peatland, Central Java for biofuel production

1Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl.Teknika Selatan, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Indonesia

2Study Program of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Universitas Gadjah Mada,Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia., Indonesia

3Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Borneo Tarakan, North Kalimantan, 77115, Indonesia, Indonesia

4 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl.Grafika 2 Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia, Indonesia

5 Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

View all affiliations
Received: 4 Aug 2025; Published: 7 Sep 2026.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Optimizing environmental factors in cultivating microalgae is essential to obtain a high biomass yield for biodiesel and other biomass related products production, which is a green renewable energy source to overcome the scarcity of fossil fuel energy in the future. Biodiesel can be produced using microalgal lipids in the form of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs). One of the promising strains is Euglena sp., an acidophilic microalga that produces various valuable bioproducts, including lipids, as biodiesel feedstocks. Here, we studied light intensity combined with 15% CO2 to enhance the production of FAMEs and other metabolites in a local strain of Euglena sp. under 500 lux, 2,100 lux, 4,500 lux, 6,000 lux, and 8,500 lux. We also evaluated its effect on the growth, biomass, and accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites, such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, FAME, and pigment contents. Based on this study, the maximum saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated acids were found in the 8,500 lux (42.345%), 500 lux (59.01%), and 4,500 lux (23.705%), respectively. The highest percentage of FAMEs was C16:1 or methyl palmitoleate (32.46%) found at 500 lux. However, the total FAMEs in 500 lux (13 FAMEs) were lower than those in the other treatments (24 FAMEs). Meanwhile, the highest biomass accumulation, specific growth rate, lipids, carbohydrates, and pigment contents such chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid were found in 6,000 lux. The results indicated that variations in light intensity with 15% CO2 injection resulted in specific differences in growth rate, productivity of primary and secondary metabolites, and fatty acid production in Euglena sp.

Keywords: bioenergy; biorefinery; Euglena gracilis; FAMEs; microalgae biomass
Funding: Universitas Gadjah Mada under contract 370/UN.P1/KPT/HUKOR/2024

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
E-Government, Innovation, and Renewable Energy Transition: A Triadic Model for Pollution Reduction in Developing Economies Light intensity enhances fatty acid and biomass composition of an acidophilic Euglena sp. isolated from Dieng Peatland, Central Java for biofuel production Effect of Solution pH and Concentration of Dewandaru Fruit Extract as a Natural Dye on Optical Characteristics and Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Hybrid Precursor Engineering of g-C₃N₄ for Enhanced α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ Photoanodes in HMF-Assisted Photoelectrochemical Processes More recent articles
Most cited articles
Comparative Analysis of Biodiesels from Calabash and Rubber Seeds Oils Influence of the Determination Methods of K and C Parameters on the Ability of Weibull Distribution to Suitably Estimate Wind Potential and Electric Energy Modelling the Kinetics of Biogas Production from Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cow Dung with Plantain Peels Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Nanofluid Usage in a Plate Heat Exchanger for Performance Improvement Developing A Family-Size Biogas-Fueled Electricity Generating System More cited articles
  1. Ahmad A, W. Hassan S, Banat F. (2022). An overview of microalgae biomass as a sustainable aquaculture feed ingredient: food security and circular economy. Bioengineered. 13(4):9521–47
  2. Barsanti L, Birindelli L, Gualtieri P. (2022). Paramylon and Other Bioactive Molecules in Micro and Macroalgae. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23(15):1–15
  3. Barsanti L, Vismara R, Passarelli V, Gualtieri P. (2001). Paramylon (β-1,3-glucan) content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis. Effects of growth conditions. J. Appl. Phycol. 13(1):59–65
  4. Benedetti M, Vecchi V, Barera S, Dall’Osto L. (2018). Biomass from microalgae: The potential of domestication towards sustainable biofactories. Microb. Cell Fact. 17(1):1–18
  5. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37(8): 911-917
  6. Bogue JP, Smith LF, Lipsett L. (1957). A Practical Handbook. The Journal of Higher Education. 28(7):405
  7. Brányiková I, Maršálková B, Doucha J, Brányik T, Bišová K, et al. (2011). Microalgae-novel highly efficient starch producers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 108(4):766–76
  8. Carvalho AP, Silva SO, Baptista JM, Malcata FX. (2011). Light requirements in microalgal photobioreactors: An overview of biophotonic aspects. Appl. Microbiol. and Biotechnol. 89(5):1275–88
  9. Cheirsilp B, Torpee S. (2012). Enhanced growth and lipid production of microalgae under mixotrophic culture condition: Effect of light intensity, glucose concentration and fed-batch cultivation. Bioresource Technology. 110:510–16
  10. Chen B, Wan C, Mehmood MA, Chang J-S, Bai F, Zhao X. (2017). Manipulating environmental stresses and stress tolerance of microalgae for enhanced production of lipids and value-added products-A review. Bioresour. technol. 244(Pt 2):1198–1206
  11. Chen H, Wang Q. (2021). Regulatory mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis in microalgae. Biol. Rev. 96(5):2373–91
  12. Chen S, Li X, Ma X, Qing R, Chen Y, et al. (2023). Lighting the way to sustainable development: Physiological response and light control strategy in microalgae-based wastewater treatment under illumination. Sci. Total Environ. 903:166298
  13. Cheng D, Li D, Yuan Y, Zhou L, Li X, et al. (2017). Improving carbohydrate and starch accumulation in Chlorella sp. AE10 by a novel two-stage process with cell dilution. Biotechnol. Biofuels bioprod. 10(1):1–14
  14. Choudhary P, Bhattacharya A, Prajapati SK, Kaushik P, Malik A. (2015). Phycoremediation-Coupled Biomethanation of Microalgal Biomass. Elsevier Inc
  15. Constantopoulos G, Bloch K. (1967). Effect of Light Intensity on the Lipid Composition of Euglena gracilis. J. Biol. Chem. 242(15):3538–42
  16. Cramer M, Myers J. (1952). Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Euglena gracilis. Archiv. Mikrobiol. 17(1–4):384–402
  17. Crunkleton D, Kightlinger W, Chen K, Pourmir A, Crunkleton DW, et al. (2014). Production and characterization of algae extract from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. EJBT. 17(1):14–18
  18. Demirbas A, Fatih Demirbas M. (2011). Importance of algae oil as a source of biodiesel. Energy Convers. Manag. 52(1):163–70
  19. Difusa A, Talukdar J, Kalita MC, Mohanty K, Goud VV. (2015). Effect of light intensity and pH condition on the growth, biomass and lipid content of microalgae Scenedesmus species. Biofuels. 6(1–2):37–44
  20. Dubois M, Gilles K, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F. (1951). A colorimetric method for the determination of sugars. Nature. 168(4265):167
  21. Eilam Y, Khattib H, Pintel N, Avni D. (2023). Microalgae—Sustainable Source for Alternative Proteins and Functional Ingredients Promoting Gut and Liver Health. Global Challenges. 7(5):1–24
  22. Emami Bistgani Z, Siadat SA, Bakhshandeh A, Ghasemi Pirbalouti A, Hashemi M. (2017). Interactive effects of drought stress and chitosan application on physiological characteristics and essential oil yield of Thymus daenensis Celak. Crop J. 5(5):407–15
  23. Erfianti T, Fakhruddin Yusuf A, Handayani S, Ryan Sadewo B, Setiadi Daryono B, et al.( 2024a). Enhancing growth and metabolite profiles in indigenous Euglena gracilis through explorative light spectrum effect. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 50(3):318–31
  24. Erfianti T, Sadewo BR, Daryono BS, Budiman A, Suyono EA. (2024b). Evaluating CO2 concentration effects on growth kinetics and fatty acid composition in Euglena gracilis. Appl. Phycol. 5(1):61–71
  25. Erickson E, Wakao S, Niyogi KK. (2015). Light stress and photoprotection in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant J. 82(3):449–465
  26. Feuzing F, Mbakidi JP, Marchal L, Bouquillon S, Leroy E. (2022). A review of paramylon processing routes from microalga biomass to non-derivatized and chemically modified products. Carbohydr. Polym. 288:119181
  27. Friedlingstein P, Sullivan MO, Jones MW, Andrew RM, Gregor L, et al. 2022. Global Carbon Budget (2022). 4811–4900. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022
  28. Gissibl A, Sun A, Care A, Nevalainen H, Sunna A. (2019). Bioproducts From Euglena gracilis: Synthesis and Applications. Front. Bioeng.Biotechnol. 7(5):1–16
  29. González-camejo J, Viruela A, Ruano M V, Barat R, Seco A, Ferrer J. (2019). Effect of light intensity, light duration and photoperiods in the performance of an outdoor photobioreactor for urban wastewater treatment. Algal Res. 40(6):101511
  30. Hanief S, Prasakti L, Pradana YS, Cahyono RB, Budiman A. (2020). Growth kinetic of Botryococcus braunii microalgae using logistic and gompertz models. AIP Conf. Proc. 020065 doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0030459
  31. Herzog HJ, Eliasson B, Kaarstad O. (2000). Capturing Greenhouse Gases, pp. 152–155. Scientific American
  32. Hou HJM. (2014). Unidirectional photodamage of pheophytin in photosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 4(1):1–5
  33. Huang Y, Wan X, Zhao Z, Liu H, Wen Y, Wu W. (2023). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules Metabolomic analysis and pathway profiling of paramylon production in Euglena gracilis grown on different carbon sources. Int. J. Biol.Macromol. 246(1):125661
  34. Humphrey I, Chendo MAC, Njah AN, Nwankwo DI. (2021). Optimization of microalgae growth for biofuel production using a new empirical dynamic model. Biofuels. 12(10):1209–24
  35. Husna F, Rachmawati B, Samudra TT, Pradana YS, Budiman A, Suyono EA. (2020). Effectivity of various media for biomass and lipid production of mixed culture of glagah in open pond. AIP Conf. Proc. 2260(9)
  36. Ievina B, Romagnoli F. (2020). Effect of light intensity on the growth of three microalgae in laboratory batch cultures. Eur. Biomass Conf. Exhib. Proc. 2020(7):169–174
  37. Indahsari HS, Tassakka ACMAR, Dewi EN, Yuwono M, Suyono EA. (2022). Effects of Salinity and Bioflocculation during Euglena sp. Harvest on the Production of Lipid, Chlorophyll, and Carotenoid with Skeletonema sp. as a Bioflocculant. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 16(4):2901–11
  38. Jafarihaghighi F, Ardjmand M, Salar Hassani M, Mirzajanzadeh M, Bahrami H. (2020). Effect of Fatty Acid Profiles and Molecular Structures of Nine New Source of Biodiesel on Combustion and Emission. ACS Omega. 5(26):16053–16063
  39. Jawaharraj K, Karpagam R, Ashokkumar B, Pratheeba CN, Varalakshmi P. (2016). Enhancement of biodiesel potential in cyanobacteria: using agro-industrial wastes for fuel production, properties and acetyl CoA carboxylase D (accD) gene expression of Synechocystis sp. Renew. Energy. 98:72–77
  40. Katam K, Ananthula R, Anumala S, Sriariyanun M, Bhattacharyya D. (2022). The impact of light intensity and wavelength on the performance of algal-bacterial culture treating domestic wastewater. E3S W. Conf. 355:02003
  41. Kee M, Iqram M, Uemura Y, Wei J, Gek C, et al. (2017). Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using nutrients source from domestic wastewater for biodiesel production : Growth condition and kinetic studies. Renew. Energy. 103:197–207
  42. Kitaya Y, Azuma H, Kiyota M. (2005). Effects of temperature, CO2 /O2 concentrations and light intensity on cellular multiplication of microalgae, Euglena gracilis. Adv. Space Res. 35(9):1584–88
  43. Krichen E, Rapaport A, H ELF, Fouilland E, Krichen E, et al. (2020). A new kinetics model to predict the growth of micro-algae subjected to fluctuating availability of light. Algal Res. 10(58):102362
  44. Kumar G, Nguyen DD, Huy M, Sivagurunathan P, Bakonyi P, et al. (2019). Effects of light intensity on biomass, carbohydrate and fatty acid compositions of three different mixed consortia from natural ecological water bodies. J. Environ. Manage. 230(9):293–300
  45. Laurens LML, Quinn M, Van Wychen S, Templeton DW, Wolfrum EJ. (2012). Accurate and reliable quantification of total microalgal fuel potential as fatty acid methyl esters by in situ transesterification. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 403(1):167–178
  46. Lee E, Jalalizadeh M, Zhang Q. (2015). Growth kinetic models for microalgae cultivation : A review. Algal. Res. 12:497–512
  47. Lenka SK, Carbonaro N, Park R, Miller SM, Thorpe I, Li Y. (2016). Current advances in molecular, biochemical, and computational modeling analysis of microalgal triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Biotechnol. Adv. 34(5):1046–63
  48. Li F, Liu Z, Ni Z, Wang H. (2019). Effect of biodiesel components on its lubrication performance. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 8(5):3681–87
  49. Li G, Talmy D, Campbell DA. (2017). Diatom growth responses to photoperiod and light are predictable from diel reductant generation. J. phycol. 53(1):95–107
  50. Li Y, Zhou W, Hu B, Min M, Chen P, Ruan RR. (2012). Effect of light intensity on algal biomass accumulation and biodiesel production for mixotrophic strains Chlorella kessleri and Chlorella protothecoide cultivated in highly concentrated municipal wastewater. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109(9):2222–29
  51. Liu L-X, Li R, Worth JRP, Li X, Li P, et al. (2017). The Complete Chloroplast Genome of Chinese Bayberry (Morella rubra, Myricaceae): Implications for Understanding the Evolution of Fagales. Front. Plant Sci. 8:968
  52. Lokstein H, Renger G. (2021). Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting (Antenna) Complexes-Structures and Functions. Molecules. 26(11):3378
  53. Lv B, Liu Z, Chen Y, Lan S, Mao J, et al. (2022). Effect of Different Colored LED Lighting on the Growth and Pigment Content of Isochrysis zhanjiangensis under Laboratory Conditions. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 10(11):1752
  54. Maltsev Y, Maltseva K, Kulikovskiy M, Maltseva S. (2021). Influence of Light Conditions on Microalgae Growth and Content of Lipids, Carotenoids, and Fatty Acid Composition. Biology. 10(10):1060
  55. Metsoviti MN, Papapolymerou G, Karapanagiotidis IT, Katsoulas N. (2019). Comparison of growth rate and nutrient content of five microalgae species cultivated in greenhouses. Plants. 8(8):1–13
  56. Metsoviti MN, Papapolymerou G, Karapanagiotidis IT, Katsoulas N. (2020). Effect of light intensity and quality on growth rate and composition of Chlorella vulgaris. Plants. 9(1):1–17
  57. Minhas AK, Hodgson P, Barrow CJ, Adholeya A. (2016). A Review on the Assessment of Stress Conditions for Simultaneous Production of Microalgal Lipids and Carotenoids. Front. Microbiol. 7(5):1–19
  58. Möllers KB, Cannella D, Jørgensen H, Frigaard NU. (2014). Cyanobacterial biomass as carbohydrate and nutrient feedstock for bioethanol production by yeast fermentation. Biotechnol.r Biofuels. 7(1):1–11
  59. Montes-González O, González-Silvera A, Valenzuela-Espinoza E, Santamaría-Del-ángel E, López-Calderón J. (2021). Effect of light intensity and nutrient concentration on growth and pigments of the green microalga tetraselmis suecica. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. 49(3):431–41
  60. Nur F, Erfianti T, Andeska DP, Putri RAE, Nurafifah I, et al. (2023). Enhancement of Microalgal Metabolite Production through Euglena sp. Local Strain and Glagah Strain Consortia. Biosaintifika. 15(1):36–47
  61. Nurafifah I, Hardianto MA, Erfianti T, Amelia R, Maghfiroh KQ, et al. (2023). The Effect of Acidic pH on Growth Kinetics, Biomass Productivity, and Primary Metabolite Contents of Euglena sp. Makara: J. Sci. 27(2):97–105
  62. Nzayisenga JC, Farge X, Groll SL, Sellstedt A. (2020a). Effects of light intensity on growth and lipid production in microalgae grown in wastewater. Biotechnol. Biofuels. 13(1):4
  63. Olguín EJ, Dorantes E, Castillo OS, Hernández-Landa VJ. (2015). Anaerobic digestates from vinasse promote growth and lipid enrichment in Neochloris oleoabundans cultures. Journal of Appl. Phycol. 27(5):1813–22
  64. Onyeaka H, Miri T, Obileke KC, Hart A, Anumudu C, Al-Sharify ZT. (2021). Minimizing carbon footprint via microalgae as a biological capture. Carbon Capture Sci. Technol. 1(12):100007
  65. Ozasa K, Won J, Song S, Shinomura T, Maeda M. (2019). Phototaxis and photo-shock responses of Euglena gracilis under gravitaxis. Algal Res. 41(5):101563
  66. Papilo P, Marimin M, Hambali E, Machfud M, Yani M, et al. (2022). Heliyon Palm oil-based bioenergy sustainability and policy in Indonesia and Malaysia : A systematic review and future agendas. Heliyon. 8(April):e10919
  67. Phukoetphim N, Salakkam A, Laopaiboon P, Laopaiboon L. (2017). Kinetic models for batch ethanol production from sweet sorghum juice under normal and high gravity fermentations: Logistic and modified Gompertz models. J. Biotechnol. 243:69–75
  68. Pinzi S, Rounce P, Herreros JM, Tsolakis A, Pilar Dorado M. (2013). The effect of biodiesel fatty acid composition on combustion and diesel engine exhaust emissions. Fuel. 104:170–82
  69. Praharyawan S, Rahman DY, Susilaningsih D. (2016). Characterization of lipid productivity and fatty acid profile of three fast-growing microalgae isolated from Bengkulu for possible use in health application. J. Trop. Life Sci. 6(2):79–85
  70. Praharyawan S, Yunita Rahman D, Susilaningsih D. (2018). Influence of Light Intensity on Lipid Productivity and Fatty Acids Profile of Choricystis sp. LBB13-AL045 for Biodiesel Production. Res. J. Life Sci. 5(2):128–39
  71. Pruvost J, Van Vooren G, Le Gouic B, Couzinet-Mossion A, Legrand J. (2011). Systematic investigation of biomass and lipid productivity by microalgae in photobioreactors for biodiesel application. Bioresour. Technol. 102(1):150–58
  72. Ritchie RJ. (2006). Consistent Sets of Spectrophotometric Chlorophyll Equations for Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol Solvents. Photosynth Res. 89(1):27–41
  73. Sathya AB, Thirunavukkarasu A, Nithya R, Nandan A, Sakthishobana K, et al. (2023). Microalgal biofuel production: Potential challenges and prospective research. Fuel. 332(1):126199
  74. Schobert H. (2010). Chemistry of fossil fuels and biofuels. Chromatographia. 77(10):739-740
  75. Shokravi H, Heidarrezaei M, Shokravi Z, Chyuan H. (2022). Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass for bioeconomic development. J. Biotechnol. 360(9):23–36
  76. Singh R, Langyan S, Rohtagi B, Darjee S, Khandelwal A. (2022). Materials Science for Energy Technologies Production of biofuels options by contribution of effective and suitable enzymes : Technological developments and challenges. Mater. Sci. for Energy Technol. 5:294–310
  77. Singh SP, Singh P. (2015). Effect of temperature and light on the growth of algae species: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 50:431–44
  78. Solovchenko AE. (2012). Physiological role of neutral lipid accumulation in eukaryotic microalgae under stresses. Russ. J. of Plant Physiol. 59(2):167–76
  79. Song X, Liu B, Kong F, Song Q, Ren N, Ren H. (2023). Lipid accumulation by a novel microalga Parachlorella kessleri R-3 with wide pH tolerance for promising biodiesel production. Algal Res. 69(12):102925
  80. Suyono EA, Nopitasari S, Zusron M, Khoirunnisa P, Islami DA, Prabeswara CB. (2016). Effect of silica on carbohydrate content of mixed culture Phaeodactylum sp. and Chlorella sp. Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Asia. 13(1):109–14
  81. Thrane JE, Kyle M, Striebel M, Haande S, Grung M, et al. (2015). Spectrophotometric analysis of pigments: A critical assessment of a high-throughput method for analysis of algal pigment mixtures by spectral deconvolution. PLoS ONE. 10(9): e0137645
  82. Uliesther N, Nurafifah I, Rohmawati I, Putri RAE. (2023). Different carbon source alternative medium improves Euglena sp. growth and paramylon production. Biogenesis. 11(1):102–13
  83. Wahidin S, Idris A, Shaleh SRM. (2013). The influence of light intensity and photoperiod on the growth and lipid content of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Bioresour. Technol. 129:7–11
  84. Wang Q, Ye H, Sen B, Xie Y, He Y, et al. (2018a). Improved production of docosahexaenoic acid in batch fermentation by newly-isolated strains of Schizochytrium sp. and Thraustochytriidae sp. through bioprocess optimization. Synth. and Syst. Biotechnol. 3(2):121–29
  85. Wang Y, Seppänen-Laakso T, Rischer H, Wiebe MG. (2018b). Euglena gracilis growth and cell composition under different temperature, light and trophic conditions. PLoS ONE. 13(4):1–17
  86. Wang Y, Tibbetts MS, McGinn PJ. (2021). Microalgae as Sources of High-Quality Protein for Human Food and Protein Supplements. Foods. 10(12):1–18
  87. Wardana WE, Tantri DH, Afifah MNR, Aini HN, Siswanti DU, et al. (2023). Effect of Mercury Stress on the Growth and Lipid Content of Euglena sp. and Echinodorus palaefolius. J. Biodjati. 8(1):172–79
  88. Wild KJ, Steingaß H, Rodehutscord M. (2018). Variability in nutrient composition and in vitro crude protein digestibility of 16 microalgae products. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim Nutr. 102(5):1306–19
  89. Wu M, Zhu R, Lu J, Lei A, Zhu H, et al. (2020). Effects of different abiotic stresses on carotenoid and fatty acid metabolism in the green microalga Dunaliella salina Y6. Ann. Microbiol. 70(1):48
  90. Xin K, Guo R, Zou X, Rao M, Huang Z, et al. (2023). CO2 gradient domestication improved high-concentration CO2 tolerance and photoautotrophic growth of Euglena gracilis. Sci. Total Environ. 10(868):161629
  91. Xin Y, Wu S, Miao C, Xu T, Lu Y. (2024). Towards Lipid from Microalgae: Products, Biosynthesis, and Genetic Engineering. Life. 14(4):447
  92. Xu Y, Ibrahim IM, Harvey PJ. (2016). The influence of photoperiod and light intensity on the growth and photosynthesis of Dunaliella salina (chlorophyta) CCAP 19/30. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 106:305–15
  93. Xu Y, Ibrahim I, Wosu C, Ben-Amotz A, Harvey P. (2018). Potential of New Isolates of Dunaliella Salina for Natural β-Carotene Production. Biology. 7(1):14
  94. Yadav KK, Musavi SF, Balakrishnan RM. (2013). CO2 Sequestration and Growth Characteristics of Euglena Gracilis in a Photo Bioreactor. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2(11):4162–68
  95. Yasuda K, Nakashima A, Murata A, Suzuki K, Adachi T. (2020). Euglena gracilis and β-glucan paramylon induce ca2+ signaling in intestinal tract epithelial, immune, and neural cells. Nutrients. 12(8):1–11
  96. Young KE, Quinn SM, Trumble SJ. (2012). Comparing Gas Chromatographic Techniques Used in Fatty Acid Profiling of Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinusursinus) and Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopiasjubatus) from Lovushki Island Complex, Russia Department of Biology Baylor University One Bear Place 973. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2(9):11–21
  97. Yuan A, Sui F, Li S, Liu Y, Lu X, et al. (2024). Transcriptome analysis of the effects of different carbon dioxide concentrations on paramylon accumulation in Euglena gracilis Z. Bioresour. Technol. 393(11):130114
  98. Zhu Z, Sun J, Fa Y, Liu X, Lindblad P. (2022). Enhancing microalgal lipid accumulation for biofuel production. Front. Microbiol. 13(10):1–11
  99. Zulu NN, Zienkiewicz K, Vollheyde K, Feussner I. (2018). Current trends to comprehend lipid metabolism in diatoms. Prog. Lipid Res. 70:1–16

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-08-14 23:05:08

No citation recorded.