DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2026.61666
View PDF Download fulltext

Effect of solution pH and concentration of Dewandaru fruit extract as a natural dye on optical characteristics and performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

1Department of Physics, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia

2Department of Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia

3Department of Physics Education, Institut Pendidikan Indonesia, Garut, Indonesia

4 Chemistry Education Study Program, Universitas Pattimura, Ambon, Indonesia

5 Center of Excellence Applied Physics and Chemistry, Nano Center Indonesia, Indonesia

View all affiliations
Received: 16 Aug 2025; Revised: 6 Jan 2026; Accepted: 17 Jul 2026; Published: 7 Sep 2026.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Given growing global energy demand and the need for sustainable solutions, solar energy is a promising alternative. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are a cost-effective photovoltaic technology, and natural dyes as sensitizers have significant potential to improve their efficiency. This study explores the use of a natural dye from the Dewandaru fruit (Eugenia uniflora) in DSSCs by varying pH and concentration. Natural dyes offer an environmentally friendly, sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes, which are often expensive and less eco-friendly. In this research, Dewandaru fruit extract was used to sensitize TiO2 photoanodes, and the effects of varying pH (1.00, 1.66, 2.27, and 3.00) and dye concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10%) on optical properties and performance were analyzed. UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, cyclic voltammetry, and J-V measurements were used to assess absorbance, energy levels, and efficiency. Optical characterization results showed that changes in pH and concentration can affect the dye’s absorbance and energy band gap. The dye achieved optimal DSSC performance at pH 3.00, yielding a Voc of 0.425 V, Jsc of 0.053 mA/cm², a fill factor of 68.7%, and an efficiency of 0.01548%. The best dye concentration was 10%, achieving a Voc of 0.45 V, a Jsc of 0.105 mA/cm², a fill factor of 69.0%, and an efficiency of 0.0322%. The statistical analysis indicates that pH has a substantial positive effect on DSSC efficiency and band gap energy. Moreover, dye concentration significantly affects DSSC efficiency, light-harvesting efficiency, Jsc, and fill factor, with the most substantial effects on efficiency and Jsc. However, concentration appears to have a smaller effect on dye absorbance, band gap energy, and HOMO/LUMO values. The study indicates that Dewandaru fruit extract has potential as a natural dye for DSSCs, with performance varying with pH and concentration. 

Keywords: Dye sensitized solar cells; Natural dye; Eugenia uniflora; pH solvent; Concentration

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Institutional quality role in oil price uncertainty-renewable energy consumption nexus: ASEAN-8 Bayesian evidence Effect of single-layer graphene incorporation on TiO₂ photoanodes for enhanced photovoltaic performance of chlorophyll-based dye-sensitized solar cells Economic environmental optimization in multiple renewable energy sources with demand response based on multi-objective optimization algorithm More recent articles
Most cited articles
Process Optimization for Ethyl Ester Production in Fixed Bed Reactor Using Calcium Oxide Impregnated Palm Shell Activated Carbon (CaO/PSAC) Influence of the Rubber Seed Type and Altitude on Characteristic of Seed, Oil and Biodiesel Steam gasification of wood biomass in a fluidized biocatalytic system bed gasifier: A model development and validation using experiment and Boubaker Polynomials Expansion Scheme BPES Combustion characteristics of diesel engine using producer gas and blends of Jatropha methyl ester with diesel in mixed fuel mode Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation System on Ethanol Production from Whey using Kluyveromyces marxianus More cited articles
  1. Al-Bat'Hi, S. A. M., Ahmed, N., Othman, R., & Othman, M. (2018). Optimization of TiO2 thin film thickness for dye sensitized solar cell applications. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/290/1/012004
  2. Alessa, A. H., Alqarni, S. A., Qurban, J., Alghasham, H. A., Ashour, G. R. S., Bayazeed, A., Alharbi, A., & El-Metwaly, N. M. (2024). Synergistic Co-sensitization: Unlocking the potential of carbohydrazide chromophores and metal complexes for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells [Article]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 408, Article 125354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2024.125354
  3. Alkorta, I., & Picazo, O. (2005). Influence of protonation on the properties derived from electron density. Arkivoc, 9, 305-320. https://doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0006.926
  4. Atia, D. M., & Ahmed, N. M. (2023). Mathematical modeling, parameter identification, and electrical performance of a DSSC based on nature-inspired optimization techniques [Article]. Journal of Computational Electronics, 22(2), 723-741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-023-02018-8
  5. Bagetti, M., Facco, E. M. P., Piccolo, J., Hirsch, G. E., Rodriguez-Amaya, D., Kobori, C. N., Vizzotto, M., & Emanuelli, T. (2011). Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of pitanga fruits (Eugenia uniflora L.). Food Science and Technology, 31, 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612011000100021
  6. Barbinta-Patrascu, M.-E., Bita, B., & Negut, I. (2024). From nature to technology: Exploring the potential of plant-based materials and modified plants in biomimetics, bionics, and green innovations. Biomimetics, 9(7), 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070390
  7. Bekele, E. T., & Sintayehu, Y. D. (2022, 2022/10/14). Recent Progress, Advancements, and Efficiency Improvement Techniques of Natural Plant Pigment-Based Photosensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2022, 1024100. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1024100
  8. Bhogaita, M., Shukla, A., & Nalini, R. P. (2016). Recent advances in hybrid solar cells based on natural dye extracts from Indian plant pigment as sensitizers. Solar Energy, 137, 212-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.08.003
  9. Calogero, G., Bartolotta, A., Di Marco, G., Di Carlo, A., & Bonaccorso, F. (2015). Vegetable-based dye-sensitized solar cells [10.1039/C4CS00309H]. Chem. Soc. Rev. , 44(10), 3244-3294. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00309H
  10. Carella, A., Borbone, F., & Centore, R. (2018). Research progress on photosensitizers for DSSC. Frontiers in chemistry, 6, 481. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00481
  11. Chen, D., Fan, G., Zhu, W., Yang, H., Xi, H., He, F., Lin, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., & Hao, Y. (2020). Highly efficient bifacial CsPbIBr 2 solar cells with a TeO 2/Ag transparent electrode and unsymmetrical carrier transport behavior. Dalton Transactions, 49(18), 6012-6019. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0DT00407C
  12. Chen, D., He, Y., Fan, G., Zhang, Z., Zhu, W., Xi, H., Zhou, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., & Hao, Y. (2023). Ultrahigh fill-factor all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells processed from two-step solution method and solvent additive strategy. Journal of Materiomics, 9(4), 717-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2023.01.012
  13. Chien, C.-Y., & Hsu, B.-D. (2013, 12//). Optimization of the dye-sensitized solar cell with anthocyanin as photosensitizer. Solar Energy, 98, Part C, 203-211. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.solener.2013.09.035
  14. Conradie, J. (2024). Effective dyes for DSSCs–Important experimental and calculated parameters. Energy Nexus, 100282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100282
  15. da Silva Diniz, P. R., Rispoli, R. G., Minozzo, M. M., Jobim, L. H., Junges, M., & Stefenon, V. M. (2014). A regenerative route for Eugenia unifloraL. (Myrtaceae) through in vitro germination and micropropagation [Article]. Annals of Forest Research, 57(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2014.179
  16. Dissanayake, M. A. K. L., Senthuran, S., & Senadeera, G. K. R. (2020). Efficiency enhancement in dye-sensitized solar cells using hierarchical TiO2 submicron size spheres as a light scattering layer [Article]. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 24(10), 2261-2269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04727-7
  17. Eka, C. P., Yuliarto, B., & Suyatman, S. (2013). Performance of Natural Carotenoids from Musa aromatica and Citrus medica var Lemon as Photosensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with TiO2 Nanoparticle. Adv. Mat. Res. , 789, 167-170
  18. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.789.167
  19. Faqih, P., Aini, N., Mardhiyah, Z., & Nurosyid, F. (2019). Effect of concentration of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) peels extract as a dye of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) on DSSC efficiency. AIP Conference Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5141733
  20. Ghann, W., Kang, H., Sheikh, T., Yadav, S., Chavez-Gil, T., Nesbitt, F., & Uddin, J. (2017, 2017/01/27). Fabrication, Optimization and Characterization of Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cell. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 41470. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41470
  21. Golshan, M., Osfouri, S., Azin, R., Jalali, T., & Moheimani, N. R. (2021). Co-sensitization of natural and low-cost dyes for efficient panchromatic light-harvesting using dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 417, 113345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113345
  22. Hegazy, A. (2019). High performance crystalline Tio2 mesocrystals for enhanced solar fuel. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 62(Special Issue (Part 1) Innovation in Chemistry), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2019.13610.1841
  23. Heinze, J. (1984). Cyclic Voltammetry—“Electrochemical Spectroscopy”. New Analytical Methods (25). Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 23(11), 831-847. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.198408313
  24. Isah, K. U., Ahmadu, U., Idris, A., Kimpa, M. I., Uno, U. E., Ndamitso, M. M., & Alu, N. (2015). Betalain pigments as natural photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells: The effect of dye pH on the photoelectric parameters [Review]. Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 4(1), Article 39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-014-0039-0
  25. Kabeyi, M. J. B., & Olanrewaju, O. A. (2022). Sustainable Energy Transition for Renewable and Low Carbon Grid Electricity Generation and Supply [Review]. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9, Article 743114. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.743114
  26. Kumara, N., Lim, A., Lim, C. M., Petra, M. I., & Ekanayake, P. (2017). Recent progress and utilization of natural pigments in dye sensitized solar cells: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78, 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.075
  27. Kumara, N. T. R. N., Petrović, M., Peiris, D. S. U., Marie, Y. A., Vijila, C., Petra, M. I., Chandrakanthi, R. L. N., Lim, C. M., Hobley, J., & Ekanayake, P. (2015). Efficiency enhancement of Ixora floral dye sensitized solar cell by diminishing the pigments interactions. Sol. Energy 117, 36-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.04.019
  28. Liu, H., Liu, L., Fu, Y., Liu, E., & Xue, B. (2019). Theoretical Design of D-π-A-A Sensitizers with Narrow Band Gap and Broad Spectral Response Based on Boron Dipyrromethene for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells [Article]. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 59(5), 2248-2256. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00187
  29. López, J., Vega-Gálvez, A., Rodríguez, A., Uribe, E., & Díaz, P. (2017). Vacuum drying of Chilean murta (Ugni molinae Turcz) berries: Effect of temperature on kinetic parameters and assessment of energy consumption [Article]. Journal of Food processing and Preservation, 41(5), Article e13162. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13162
  30. Lozano-Alvarez, J. A., Marañón-Ruiz, V. F., Jáuregui-Rincón, J., Medina-Ramírez, I., Frausto-Reyes, C., & Salinas-Gutiérrez, R. (2015). Removal of direct dyes with alginic acid [Article]. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, 59(3), 215-228. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957605164&partnerID=40&md5=32c506933143b85fb1b463d1da00e15d
  31. Magalhães, C. G., Sola, I. M. M. S., Alberti, A., Ascari, J., & Nunes, D. S. (2025). Phenolic compounds and biological potential of Eugenia uniflora L.: A short review. Eclética Química, 50. https://doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618.eq.v50.2025.e1589
  32. Maiaugree, W., Lowpa, S., Towannang, M., Rutphonsan, P., Tangtrakarn, A., Pimanpang, S., Maiaugree, P., Ratchapolthavisin, N., Sang-aroon, W., Jarernboon, W., & Amornkitbamrung, V. (2015, 10/13/online). A dye sensitized solar cell using natural counter electrode and natural dye derived from mangosteen peel waste [Article]. Scientific Reports, 5, 15230. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15230
  33. Mattioli, R., Francioso, A., Mosca, L., & Silva, P. (2020). Anthocyanins: A comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules, 25(17), 3809. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173809
  34. Mediantsev, E., Dubinets, N., & Lobova, N. (2024). Computational Approach to the Study of Acidochromic Properties of Donor‐π‐Acceptor Systems Based on Dimethylamino‐Substituted Dyes With Intramolecular Charge Transfer. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 124(19), e27488. https://doi.org/10.1002/qua.27488
  35. Mikheev, Y. A., Guseva, L. N., & Ershov, Y. A. (2017). Transformations of methyl orange dimers in aqueous–acid solutions, according to UV–Vis spectroscopy data [Article]. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 91(10), 1896-1906. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024417090199
  36. Mursyalaat, V., Variani, V. I., Arsyad, W. O. S., & Firihu, M. Z. (2023). The development of program for calculating the band gap energy of semiconductor material based on UV-Vis spectrum using delphi 7.0. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2498/1/012042
  37. Muryani, B., Sarifah, N., Kusumawardani, D., & Nurosyid, F. (2019). Effect concentration of dye solution binahong leaves to the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). AIP Conference Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5141735
  38. Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Oktiani, R., & Ragadhita, R. (2019). How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1), 97-118. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
  39. Nicholson, R. S. (1965, 1965/10/01). Theory and Application of Cyclic Voltammetry for Measurement of Electrode Reaction Kinetics. Analytical Chemistry, 37(11), 1351-1355. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60230a016
  40. O'Regan, B., & Grätzel, M. (1991). A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature, 353, 737-740. https://doi.org/10.1038/353737a0
  41. Omer, A. M. (2012). Sustainable Energy Development, the Role of Renewables and Global Warming. J. Sust. Dev. Stud., 1(1), 1-67
  42. Pathak, C., Surana, K., Shukla, V. K., & Singh, P. K. (2019). Fabrication and characterization of dye sensitized solar cell using natural dyes. Materials Today: Proceedings, 12, 665-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.111
  43. Pradhan, S. C., Velore, J., Meethal, S. M., & Soman, S. (2023). Fundamental Understanding of Dye Coverage and Performance in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Copper Electrolyte [Article]. Energies, 16(19), Article 6913. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196913
  44. Pramananda, V., Fityay, T. A. H., & Misran, E. (2021). Anthocyanin as natural dye in DSSC fabrication: A review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1122/1/012104
  45. Pratiwi, D., Nurosyid, F., Supriyanto, A., & Suryana, R. (2017). Performance improvement of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) by using dyes mixture from chlorophyll and anthocyanin. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/909/1/012025
  46. Prima, E. C., Nugroho, H. S., Nugraha, Refantero, G., Panatarani, C., & Yuliarto, B. (2020). Performance of the dye-sensitized quasi-solid state solar cell with combined anthocyanin-ruthenium photosensitizer [10.1039/D0RA06550A]. RSC Advances, 10(60), 36873-36886. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA06550A
  47. Prima, E. C., Nuruddin, A., Yuliarto, B., Kawamura, G., & Matsuda, A. (2018). Combined spectroscopic and TDDFT study of single-double anthocyanins for application in dye-sensitized solar cells. New Journal of Chemistry, 42(14), 11616-11628. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ01202D
  48. Prima, E. C., Rusliani, P. F., Suhendi, E., & Yuliarto, B. (2024). Performance of dye-sensitized solar cells with mixed three natural pigments and reduced graphene oxide as a counter electrode. Results in Optics, 14, 100592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2023.100592
  49. Rahman, M. F., Hidayat, A., & Diantoro, M. (2020). The influence of TiO2 film thickness in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) performance based on TiO2/Ag@TiO2-ZnO. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1572/1/012079
  50. Rajkumar, S., Venkatraman, M., Arunkumar, A., & Jayaprakash, K. (2025). Anthocyanin and Betalain Pigments Assisted Green Synthesis of TiO₂: A Sustainable and Cost-Effective Approach for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Photoanodes. Optical Materials, 116710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2025.116710
  51. Raturi, A., & Fepuleai, Y. (2010, 5//). Photosynthesis in a test tube- dye sensitized solar cells as a teaching tool. Renewable Energy, 35(5), 1010-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.10.035
  52. Santoso, P., Dewi, N. L. K. A. A., & Adrianta, A. (2020). Antioxidant capacity profile of dewandaru leaf (extract eugenia uniflora l.): part of usadha Bali. International journal of life sciences, 4(1), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.29332/ijls.v4n1.407
  53. Saud, P. S., Bist, A., Kim, A. A., Yousef, A., Abutaleb, A., Park, M., Park, S.-J., & Pant, B. (2024). Dye-sensitized solar cells: Fundamentals, recent progress, and Optoelectrical properties improvement strategies. Optical Materials, 150, 115242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2024.115242
  54. Seidemann, J. (2005). Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) - A little known fruit [Article]. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, 101(5), 204-209. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-20344393622&partnerID=40&md5=edb0f601c22b5648fa9d933d6ab670d1
  55. Setiarso, P., Harsono, R. V., & Kusumawati, N. (2023). Fabrication of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) using combination of dyes extracted from Curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) rhizome and binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaf with treatment in pH of the extraction. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 23(4), 924-936. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.77860
  56. Sharma, D., Mehra, R., & Raj, B. (2022). Design and Analysis of Various Solar Cell Technologies for Improvements in Efficiencies [Article]. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 29(5), 557-567. https://doi.org/10.56042/ijems.v29i5.51066
  57. Singh, J., Gusain, A., Saxena, V., Chauhan, A. K., Veerender, P., Koiry, S. P., Jha, P., Jain, A., Aswal, D. K., & Gupta, S. K. (2013). XPS, UV–Vis, FTIR, and EXAFS Studies to Investigate the Binding Mechanism of N719 Dye onto Oxalic Acid Treated TiO2 and Its Implication on Photovoltaic Properties. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117(41), 21096-21104. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp4062994
  58. Singh, S., Maurya, I. C., Sharma, S., Kushwaha, S. P. S., Srivastava, P., & Bahadur, L. (2021). Application of new natural dyes extracted from Nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus) as photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells. Optik, 243, 167331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167331
  59. Singh, S., Singh, P. K., Kakroo, S., Hachim, D. M., Dhapola, P. S., & Khan, Z. H. (2021). Eco-friendly dye sensitized solar cell using natural dye with solid polymer electrolyte as hole transport material. Materials Today: Proceedings, 34, 760-766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.775
  60. Sukarno, I., Matsumoto, H., Susanti, L., & Kimura, R. (2015). Urban energy consumption in a city of Indonesia: general overview. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(1), 360
  61. Tauc, J. (1968). Optical properties and electronic structure of amorphous Ge and Si. Materials Research Bulletin, 3(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(68)90023-8
  62. Tauc, J., Grigorovici, R., & Vancu, A. (1966). Optical properties and electronic structure of amorphous germanium. physica status solidi (b), 15(2), 627-637. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.19660150224
  63. Teja, A. S., Srivastava, A., Satrughna, J. A. K., Tiwari, M. K., Kanwade, A., Chand Yadav, S., & Shirage, P. M. (2023, 2023/02/01/). Optimal processing methodology for futuristic natural dye-sensitized solar cells and novel applications. Dyes and Pigments, 210, 110997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.110997
  64. Thummajitsakul, S., & Silprasit, K. (2022). Analysis of FTIR Spectra, Flavonoid Content and Anti-Tyrosinase Activity of Extracts and Lotion from Garcinia schomburgkiana by Multivariate Method. Trends in Sciences, 19(18), 5780-5780. https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.5780
  65. Touihri, A. E., Azizi, T., & Gharbi, R. (2021). Transient current effect on the dye sensitized solar cells I–V characterization [Article]. IET Science, Measurement and Technology, 15(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1049/smt2.12007
  66. Yadav, V., Negi, C. M. S., Kumar, D. K., & Gupta, S. K. (2021). Fabrication of eco-friendly, low-cost dye sensitized solar cells using harda fruit-based natural dye. Optical Materials, 122, 111800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111800
  67. Yan, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Ding, F., Lei, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, J., & Kang, W. (2025). Review on TiO2 nanostructured photoanode and novel dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells application. Journal of Materials Science, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-025-10734-8
  68. Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Wei, Z., Jiang, Q., Deng, M., Chai, W., Zhu, W., Zhang, C., You, H., & Zhang, J. (2020). Dipole-templated homogeneous grain growth of CsPbIBr2 films for efficient self-powered, all-inorganic photodetectors. Solar Energy, 209, 371-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.09.021

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-09-25 00:43:56

No citation recorded.