DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2025.61065

Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Candlenut Oil via Simultaneous Reaction Using a Bifunctional CeO2.CaO Catalyst

Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, Kampus Undip Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia

Received: 23 Jan 2025; Published: 20 Oct 2025.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract
The biodiesel synthesis process with a high free fatty acid content can be accomplished in a single stage using solid catalysts that function simultaneously as both base and acid catalysts. In this study, CeO₂.CaO was used as a bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from candlenut seed oil. Catalyst characterization includes FTIR, BET, SEM-EDX, and TPD analysis. Process optimization was carried out using the central composite design method on Design Expert software. To determine the effect of each process variable on the simultaneous reaction, the effect of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction temperature on FAME yield was also analyzed. The optimum operating conditions to achieve high FAME yield were found at methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 10.3:1, 5.39% w/w catalyst loading, and a reaction temperature of 60°C.

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Keywords: Bifunctional catalyst; biodiesel; optimization; candlenut oil; catalyst characteristics

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Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
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