DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2026.61191
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Design and optimization of an energy storage system for off-grid rural communities

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, 76062, Pakistan

2Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Received: 10 Mar 2025; Revised: 26 Oct 2025; Accepted: 9 Jan 2026; Available online: 11 Feb 2026; Published: 1 Mar 2026.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Access to reliable electricity remains a significant challenge in various developing countries, specifically in Pakistan, where traditional grid expansion is often economically unfeasible, especially in remote and rural areas, which results in frequent outages and limited access to modern energy services. To address this issue, this research aims to design and optimize an off-grid microgrid system powered by Renewable Energy (RE) sources, specifically solar energy, integrated with an efficient Energy Storage System (ESS) to ensure a continuous supply during low Solar Irradiance ( ), adverse weather conditions, and at night. The proposed off-grid system includes three types of storage technologies: Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB), Sodium-Ion Battery (NIB), and Hydrogen Storage System (HSS). The study employs HOMER Pro to simulate and optimize the system sized as 150 kW. The comprehensive techno-economic analysis is undertaken, and offers two key perspectives, i) System #2 exhibits better technical performance, offering a higher RE fraction and capacity utilization, and ii) System #1 has better economic performance by providing lower Net Present Cost (NPC) and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), Specifically, with the integration of NIBs. These results reveal that the 1.53 $M of NPC, 0.0649 $/kWh of LCOE are the lowest, at RE fraction of 100%, and 0.0977% capacity shortage with 0.0494% of unmet load respectively. A sensitivity analysis is also undertaken to establish the robustness of the proposed off-grid system and the impact of uncertain techno-economic parameters on NPC and LCOE with a variation of ±2%, which enhances the reliability in meeting energy demands. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the potential of NIBs as a future-forward energy storage option, being cost-effective, and derived from abundant, low-cost materials, i.e., Sodium (Na).

Keywords: Rural Electrification; Solar Photovoltaic; Energy Storage System; Optimization; Net Present Cost; Levelized Cost of Energy.

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Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
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