DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2025.61191
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Design and Optimization of an Energy Storage System for Off-Grid Rural Communities

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, 76062, Pakistan., Pakistan

2Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar., Qatar

Received: 10 Mar 2025; Published: 9 Jan 2026.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Access to reliable electricity remains a critical challenge in many rural areas of developing countries, particularly in Pakistan, where traditional grid expansion is often economically unfeasible. This research aims to design and optimize an off-grid microgrid system powered by Renewable Energy (RE) sources, specifically solar energy, integrated with an efficient Energy Storage System (ESS).  The proposed off-grid system features a generation RE source with an ESS for continuous power supply during periods of low solar irradiance, poor weather conditions, and nighttime, which includes Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB), Sodium-Ion Battery (NIB), and Hydrogen Storage System (HSS). HOMER Pro software is used to simulate and optimize a system sized 150 kW, assessing various energy storage technologies, including LIB, and NIB, with HSS, to determine the most suitable option for rural electrification. Key results demonstrate that the integration of renewable sources with ESSs significantly enhances reliability, providing a consistent energy supply while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The techno-economic analysis reveals that the most cost-effective configuration includes solar Photovoltaic (PV), NIB, and minimal use of a HSS for backup power, resulting in a Net Present Cost (NPC) of 1.53 $M and the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of 0.0649 $/kWh. The proposed system shows the capability to maintain power reliability with no unmet load. 

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Keywords: Rural Electrification, Solar Photovoltaic, Energy Storage System, Optimization, Net Present Cost, Levelized Cost of Energy.

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Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
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