DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2026.61531
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Evaluating the performance of stainless steel in microbial electrolysis cells: Hydrogen production and corrosion behaviour

1Institute of Sustainable Energy & Resources, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Malaysia

2Fuel Cell Institute, The National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia

3Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia

4 Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea

5 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China

6 Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, The National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia

7 Food Technology Development, Faculty of Industrial Technology Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Bantul 55191 Yogyakarta, Indonesia

8 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P.R, China

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Received: 1 Jul 2025; Revised: 16 Nov 2025; Accepted: 26 Dec 2025; Available online: 11 Jan 2025; Published: 1 Mar 2026.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) provide a sustainable route to hydrogen production via microbial electron transfer, while the biocathode enhances affordability and functionality. Stainless steel (SS) is an ideal material for bioelectrochemical systems (BES) due to its high recyclability and corrosion resistance. The chromium content forms a protective, corrosion-resistant layer that promotes beneficial microbial interactions and enhances durability. However, the MEC requires an oxygen-free cathode, which is incompatible with the layer. This study evaluated the corrosion resistance of SS to microbial interactions, also known as microbial-influenced corrosion (MIC).  The results from SS are compared with those from carbon steel (CS) and graphite felt (GF), which are standard laboratory electrode materials used as controls. The performance of these biocathodes was assessed in both open-circuit (Co-MEC) and closed-circuit (Cc-MEC) conditions over a 120-day operational period, with a focus on hydrogen production and corrosion resistance against MIC. SS biocathodes exhibited the highest hydrogen production rate (2.33 ± 0.34 LH₂/m². day), outperforming CS by 54% and GF by 1.3%. Additionally, the SS system demonstrated superior chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, achieving 45% COD removal, comparable to the GF (44%), whereas CS achieved 38%. The corrosion analysis revealed that the corrosion rate (RM) of CS (0.08 ± 0.08 mm/year) was 86% higher than that of SS and GF (0.03 ± 0.03 mm/year) under Cc-MEC mode. Microbial community analysis revealed a higher abundance of Desulfovibrio, a genus within the sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) group, in Co-MEC systems, which contributes to increased corrosion. In contrast, the Cc-MEC system showed an increase in electrochemically active bacteria (EAB), including Pseudomonas, which are known to promote hydrogen evolution and inhibit SRB. This study highlights the need for further research into corrosion-resistant materials and the optimisation of microbial communities.

Keywords: Stainless steel; MEC biocathode; Microbiologically-influenced corrosion; Pitting; SRB; Fuel Cell; Application; SDG 7
Funding: Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under contract HICOE-2023-003; Fundamental Research Grant Scheme under contract FRGS/1/2014/TK06/UKM/03/1; Research University Grant Scheme under contract GUP-2015-036

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Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
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