DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2026.61740

Methodology for the Selection and Optimal Sizing of Standalone PV / Wind Energy Systems with Battery Storage under Resource Availability Constraints

1Laboratoire Energies Renouvelables et Efficacité Energétique, Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, Burkina Faso

2Laboratoire Energies Renouvelables et Efficacité Energétique, Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement, Burkina Faso

Received: 2 Sep 2025; Published: 4 Apr 2026.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

Access to electricity remains a major challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in rural areas where grid extension is often costly and unprofitable. Standalone photovoltaic (PV) and/or wind power systems with battery storage represent a promising solution, yet they still face technical and economic barriers, especially related to sizing and storage costs. This article proposes an innovative methodology for the selection and optimal sizing of such systems, integrating a predictive battery aging model based on the analysis of real charge/discharge cycles using the Rainflow algorithm and Miner’s rule. The methodology relies on four main techno-economic performance indicators: the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), the Capacity Factor (CF) of a wind turbine, and the Weighted Index of Complementarity and Productivity (WICP). It accounts for available resources, the user’s hourly consumption profile, and local climatic conditions. The approach is applied to the case of Nagréongo, a rural area in Burkina Faso. Only the PV/battery system proves to be a viable option. In contrast, the site is unsuitable for wind energy system installation, even in a hybrid configuration, as both the capacity factor (CF) and the wind complementarity index (WICP) remain below acceptable thresholds. The study also reveals that optimal configurations depend heavily on the hourly consumption profile, despite identical daily energy needs. Finally, a comparison with the conventional intuitive method and the HOMER software shows that the proposed methodology can reduce the LCOE by more than 50% and around 20%, respectively, thanks to a better consideration of real battery aging, hourly demand variability, and system idle periods.

Keywords: Standalone System, PV/Wind Systems, Battery Aging, Sizing, Optimization, Selection.
Funding: Regional Scholarship and Innovation Fund (RSIF)

Article Metrics:

Article Info
Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
Recent articles
Economic growth and renewable energy consumption in Asia: Does good governance mitigate the trade-off? CFD Analysis of Photovoltaic Panel Performance under Variable Weather Conditions with Natural and Forced Convective Cooling Methodology for the Selection and Optimal Sizing of Standalone PV / Wind Energy Systems with Battery Storage under Resource Availability Constraints Experimental Investigation of a Wildlife-Safe Origami-Inspired Reaction-Type Wind Turbine for Sustainable Urban Energy Systems Economic Environmental Optimization in Multiple Renewable Energy Sources with Demand Response based on Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm More recent articles
Most cited articles
Biofixation of Carbon dioxide by Chlamydomonas sp. in a Tubular Photobioreactor Distributed Generation: A Critical Review of Technologies, Grid Integration Issues, Growth Drivers and Potential Benefits A Review of a Successful Unsubsidized Market-Based Rural Solar Development Initiative in Laikipia District, Central Kenya The Performance of A Diesel Engine Fueled With Diesel Oil, Biodiesel and Preheated Coconut Oil Influence of Temperature on Electrical Characteristics of Different Photovoltaic Module Technologies More cited articles
  1. Bakelli, Y., Kaabeche, A., Hechaichi, A. & Elbachir, M.I. (2025). A Comparative Study Between Autonomous Photovoltaic Systems Sizing Methods. In: Guerri, O., Arab, A.H., Imessad, K. (eds) Technological and Innovative Progress in Renewable Energy Systems. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71926-4_14
  2. Boumechta, S. & Kaabeche A. (2015) “Optimisation du dimensionnement d’un système hybride Eolien/Diesel”, Journal of Renewable Energies, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 439-456 https://doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v18i3.519
  3. Busaidi, A.S. A., Kazem, H.A., Badi, A.H. A. & Khan, M.F. (2016) A review of optimum sizing of hybrid PV–Wind renewable energy systems in Oman. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.039
  4. Brenna, M., Lazaroiu, G. C. & Tironi, E.(2006) "High power quality and DG integrated low voltage dc distribution system," 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada, DOI: 10.1109/PES.2006.1709440
  5. Bhatia, A. (2008), Design and Sizing of Solar Photovoltaic Systems – R08-00, An online course brought by Continuing Education and Development (CED). Available on mine https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/R08-002%US.pdf
  6. Beluco, A., De Souza, P. k. & Krenzinger, A. (2008), A dimensionless index evaluating the time complementarity between solar and hydraulic energies, Renewable Energy 33(10), 2157–2165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.01.019
  7. Cardona, M.S.D. & López, L. M. (1998) “A simple model for sizing stand-alone photovoltaic systems,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(98)00093-2
  8. Carta, J.A., Ramírez, P. &Velázquez, S. (2009) A review of wind speed probability distributions used in wind energy analysis: Case studies in the Canary Islands, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,Volume 13, Issue 5, Pages 933-955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.05.005
  9. Canales, FA., Jurasz, J., Beluco, A. & Kies, A. (2019) “Assessing temporal complementarity between three variable energy sources by means of correlation and compromise programming arXiv:1905.00117v1 [physics.society-ph], https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116637
  10. Diouf, B. & Miezan, E. (2024) Unlocking the Technology Potential for Universal Access to Clean Energy in Developing Countries. Energies,17(6),1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061488
  11. Diaf, S., Notton, G., Belhamel, M., Haddadi, M., Louche, A.(2008) Design and techno-economical optimization for hybrid PV/wind system under various meteorological conditions, Applied Energy 85 (10) (2008) 968–987; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.02.012
  13. Diaf, S., Belhamel M., Haddadi M., Louche A. (2008). Technical and economic assessment of hybrid photovoltaic/wind system with battery storage in Corsica Island. Energy Policy ;36(2):743e54; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.028
  14. Derai, S. A. & Kaabeche, A. (2016) “Modélisation et dimensionnement d’un système hybride Eolien/ Photovoltaïque autonome”, Journal of Renewable Energies, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 265 - 276, https://doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v19i2.566
  15. Diorio, N., Dobos, A., & Janzou, S., Austin, N., Blake,L. (2015). Techno-economic modeling of battery energy storage in SAM. (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) NREL, Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-64641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2172/1225314
  16. Global Wind Energy Council (2024), GLOBAL WIND REPORT 2024, published 16 April 2024, Available online. Accessed on 3 march 2025. https://www.gwec.ne
  17. HOMER Energy by UL (2023). HOMER Pro User Manual v3. Available on https://www.homerenergy.com/products/pro/docs/index.html. Accessed on 3 March 2025
  18. International Energy Agency (2024). World Energy Outlook 2024, International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, Licence : CC BY 4.0 (rapport) ; CC BY NC SA 4.0.(Annex A), https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024. Accessed on 7 March 2025
  20. International Energy Agency (2024). SDG7: Data and projections, IEA, Paris, Licence: CC BY 4.0, https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections. Available on line. Accessed on 7 March 2025
  21. International Energy Agency (2024)., “World Energy Outlook Special Report Africa Energy Outlook 2022,” 2022. [Online]. Available: www.iea.org/t&c/
  22. Ishaq, S., Khan, I., Rahman, S., Hussain, T., Iqbal, A., Elavarasan, R.M. (2022) A review on recent developments in control and optimization of micro grids. Energy Report, volume 8, pp 4085–4103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.080
  23. IRENA (2023), Renewable energy for remote communities: A guidebook for off-grid projects, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi. Available for download on: www.irena.org/publications
  24. Jurasz, J., Guezgouz, M., Campana, P.E., Kazmierczak, B., Kuripi, A., Bloomfield, H., Hingray, B., Canales, F.A., Hunt, J.D., Sterl, S., Elkadeem, M.R.(2024) Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: Potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114181
  26. Jurasz, J., Bochenek, B., Wieczorek, J., Jaczewski, A., Kies, A., Figurski, M. (2025) Energy potential and economic viability of small-scale wind turbines, Energy, Volume 322, 135608, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135608
  27. Jurasz, J., Canales, FA., Kies, A., Guezgouz, M., Beluco, A. (2019), A review on the complementarity of renewable energy sources: concept, metrics, application and future research directions. Volume 195, Pages 703-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.087
  28. Kafando, J.G., Yamegueu, D., Houdji, E.T.(2024) REVIEW ON SIZING AND MANAGEMENT OF STAND-ALONE PV/WIND SYSTEMS WITH STORAG, Heliyon, Vol 10, 31pages ; DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38080
  29. Kaabeche, A., Belhamel, M., Ibtiouen, R. (2011)Sizing optimization of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic/wind power generation system, Energy 36 (2) 1214–1222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.11.024
  30. Kotb, K.M., Elkadeem, M.R., Elmorshedy, M.F., Dán, A. (2020) Coordinated power management and optimized techno-enviro-economic design of an autonomous hybrid renewable microgrid: a case study in Egypt, Energy Conversion and Management. Volume 221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113185
  31. Korsaga, E., Koalaga, Z., Bonkougou, D., Zougmoré, F. (2018) Comparaison et détermination des dispositifs de stockage appropriés es pour un système photovoltaïque autonome en zone sahélienne, Journal International de Technologie, de l’Innovation, de la Physique, de l’Energie et de l'Environnement, vol. 4, 2018, pp. 2428–8500, DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.18145/jitipee.v4i1.161
  32. Konate, S. (2025), Guide technique sur l’électrification au solaire photovoltaïque des établissements de santé en milieu rural d’Afrique subsaharienne. Étude réalisée pour l’Alliance for Rural Electrification et soutenue par l’ADEME
  33. Lv, F. and Tang, H.(2025) Assessing the impact of climate change on the optimal solar–wind hybrid power generation potential in China: A focus on stability and complementarity, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 212, 115429, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115429
  34. Layadi, T. M. & Champenois, G. (2014) Etude du vieillissement d’un banc de stockage plomb acide dans un système hybride multi-sources. Symposium de Génie Électrique 2014, Cachan, France. https://hal.science/hal-01065201v1
  35. Moussa Kadri, S.; Dakyo, B.; Camara, M.B.; Coulibaly, Y. (2022) Hybrid Diesel/PV Multi-Megawatt Plant Seasonal Behavioral Model to Analyze Microgrid Effectiveness: Case Study of a Mining Site Electrification. Processes, 10, 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112164
  36. Mehallou, A., M’hamdi, B., Amari, A., Teguar, M., Rabehi, A., Guermoui, M., Alharbi, A.H., El-kenawy, E. M.& Kafhaga, D.S. (2025) Mult objective design of an autonomous hybrid renewable energy system in the Adrar Region, Algeria, Scientific Reports ,15, 4173 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88438-x
  38. Nationally Determined Contributions (2024). Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) synthesis report ; https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs. Available on line. Accessed on 7 March 2025
  39. Nsouandélé, J.L., Kidmo, D.K., Djetouda, S.M. & Djongyang, N. (2017) Estimation statistique des données du vent à partir de la distribution de Weibull en vue d’une prédiction de la production de l’énergie électrique d’origine éolienne sur le Mont Tinguelin à Garoua dans le Nord Cameroun, Journal of Renewable Energies, https://doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v19i2.568
  41. Othman, Z., Sulaiman, S. I., Musirin, I., Omar, A. M. & Shaari S. (2022) "Handling multiple models of system components in stand-alone photovoltaic system sizing via iterative sizing algorithm", Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 674-680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.10.178
  42. Onyeanusi, N.B. (2025). Energy Access Implications for Unserved Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. In: Narra, MM., Narra, S. (eds) African Green Transition Through Innovative Pathways. World Sustainability Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-87043-9_9
  43. Ridha, S. H. M., Gomes. C., Hizam, H., Ahmadipour, M., Muhsen, D. H., and Ethaib, S. (2020) “Optimum design of a standalone solar photovoltaic system based on novel integration of iterative-PESA-II and AHP-VIKOR Methods,” Processes, vol. 8, no. 3, Mar. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030367
  44. Saxena, S., Le Floch, C., MacDonald, J., & Moura, S. (2015). Quantifying EV battery end-of-life through analysis of travel needs with vehicle powertrain models. Journal of Power Sources, 282, 265-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.072
  45. Sedaghat, A., Alkhatib, F., Eilaghi, A., Mehdizadeh, A., Borvayeh, L., Mostafaeipour, A., Hassanzadeh, A. & Jahangiri, M. (2020) Optimization of capacity factors based on rated wind speeds of wind turbines, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1740834
  46. United Nations. (2025), « UN Sustainable Development Goals ». Available on line. Accessed on 7 March 2025. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal7
  47. Yamegueu, D., Nelson, H.T. & Boly, A.S. (2024) Improving the performance of PV/diesel microgrids via integration of a battery energy storage system: the case of Bilgo village in Burkina Faso. Energy, Sustainability and Society. Volume 14, 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-024-00480-1

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update: 2026-05-02 09:40:13

No citation recorded.