DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2026.62246

New Alternative Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Butyl Ester) Production using Microwave-Assisted Transesterification: Kinetics and FCCD Optimization

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia

Received: 14 Jan 2026; Published: 1 Nov 2026.
Editor(s): Sohail Nadeem
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract
Microwave-assisted transesterification represents a promising intensification strategy for sustainable biodiesel production due to its rapid volumetric heating and enhanced reaction kinetics. This study reports the production of a new alternative biodiesel, fatty acid butyl esters (FABE), from coconut oil via microwave-assisted butanolysis, offering an alternative to conventional methanol- or ethanol-based systems. The use of butanol is particularly advantageous for coconut oil, which is rich in medium-chain fatty acids, as it produces longer-chain esters that improve fuel properties and handling characteristics. Process optimization was performed using a Face-centered Central Composite Design (FCCD) under microwave irradiation, with reaction time, temperature, and alcohol-to-oil molar ratio as key variables. Under optimal conditions, a high FABE yield of approximately 98% was achieved in less than three minutes, demonstrating substantial process intensification compared to conventional heating methods. Kinetic analysis indicated second-order reaction behavior, reflecting efficient microwave energy coupling and improved mass transfer during transesterification. Fuel property evaluation showed that the produced FABE complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7182:2015), confirming its suitability for practical biodiesel applications. Overall, this study demonstrates that microwave-assisted butanolysis is an effective and rapid route for producing high-quality coconut oil–based FABE, supporting biodiesel diversification and the development of renewable energy systems based on locally available feedstocks.
Keywords: Microwave-assisted transesterification; Fatty acid butyl esters (FABE); Alternative biodiesel; Coconut oil; Butanolysis; Kinetic study; FCCD optimization; Renewable energy

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Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
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