DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2025.60877

Bio-briquettes from tea fluff biochar: a response surface methodology study on particle size, resin gum-adhesive, and used cooking oil immersion time

1Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Lambung Mangkurat University, Jalan A. Yani Km 37.5, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

2Research Center for Chemistry - National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Building 456, KST BJ. Habibie, Serpong, South Tangerang, Indonesia

3Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lambung Mangkurat University, Jalan A. Yani Km 37.5, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

4 Tea and Kina Research Center, Gambung, Mekarsari Village, Pasirjambu District, Bandung Regency, Indonesia

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Received: 20 Nov 2024; Revised: 17 May 2025; Accepted: 10 Jun 2025; Available online: 2 Jul 2025; Published: 1 Sep 2025.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Fluff tea is the residual solid waste generated in the green tea industry and holds the potential for development as a solid fuel in bio-briquettes. This study transformed fluff tea into bio-briquettes utilizing biochar produced through slow pyrolysis. The study aimed to optimize bio-briquettes production from fluff tea using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach through proximate analysis. The cylindrical bio-briquettes were produced using biochar particle sizes of 850, 500, and 150 μm, resin gum adhesive concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%, and immersion times in cooking oil of 0, 3, and 6 minutes. The results showed that the overall response by the p-value was <0.05, and the lack of fit was insignificant (p-value >0.05). The findings indicated that the calorific value of tea fluff rose from 4,482.56 cal/g to 6,374.98 cal/g after conversion to biochar. The optimum conditions for producing tea fluff bio-briquettes were a particle size of 850 μm, adhesive concentration of 11%, and immersion time of 5 minutes. The bio-briquettes exhibited a moisture content of 3.53%, ash content of 5.65%, volatile matter of 14.75%, fixed carbon of 76.14%, calorific value of 7,796.37 cal/g, combustion rate of 0.11 g/min, density of 1.22 g/cm3, and compressive strength of 35.57 N/cm2. Most tea fluff briquettes' properties had met Indonesia's briquettes standard. The production of bio-briquettes from tea fluff waste is a viable alternative fuel for both industrial and domestic applications.

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Keywords: Biobriquettes; Tea Fluff; Resin Gum Adhesive; Used Cooking Oil Dipping; Response Surface Methodology (RSM); Box-Behnken Design (BBD)
Funding: Nanotechnology and Materials Research Organization--National Research and Innovation Agency

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Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
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