DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2025.60855

Response surface optimization of biodiesel synthesis from crude palm oil (CPO) using CaO/silica gel heterogeneous catalyst based on blood cockle shell and coconut fiber

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Riau University, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia

2Master Program of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Riau University, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia

Received: 7 Nov 2024; Revised: 5 Jan 2025; Accepted: 27 Jan 2025; Available online: 15 Feb 2025; Published: 1 Mar 2025.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

This study successfully synthesized a hybrid catalyst CaO-silica gel from environmentally friendly raw materials, CaO derived from blood clam shells and silica gel obtained from coconut fiber waste ash. The catalytic activity was evaluated in the synthesis of biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO). The CaO-Silica gel catalyst was synthesized by the wet impregnation method with variations of silica gel, namely 5, 10 and 15 wt%. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, XRF, SEM, and BET analysis. The results showed a decrease in CaO content with increasing silica gel concentration, while XRD analysis confirmed the presence of lime, portlandite, Ca₂SiO₄, and silica oxide minerals. The addition of silica gel reduced the crystal size and crystallinity and increased the surface area of the catalyst. Optimization of biodiesel production was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), considering variables such as temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of oil to methanol, and catalyst loading. The highest biodiesel yield was obtained using 5% CaO/silica gel catalyst at a temperature of 65°C, a reaction time of 60 minutes, an oil-methanol molar ratio of 1:9, and a catalyst addition of 2%, resulting in a biodiesel yield of 99.52%. In addition, the methyl ester content reached 99.21% using a 10% CaO/silica gel catalyst. The resulting biodiesel met ASTM and EN standards, except for the acid value.

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Keywords: Calcium oxide; Silica gel; Crude palm oil; Biodiesel; Response surface methodology (RSM).
Funding: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Riau University, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia

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Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
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