DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2025.61253

Energy potential of biochar from slow pyrolysis of mixed tree leaves in a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor

1School of Technology, Woxsen University, Kamkole, Sadasivpet, Sangareddy District, Hyderabad-500033, India

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria

3Energy Research and Technology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

4 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India

5 Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Kwara State University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria

6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Colins, United States

7 Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, United Kingdom

8 Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa

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Received: 21 Mar 2025; Revised: 25 Jun 2025; Accepted: 10 Jul 2025; Available online: 22 Jul 2025; Published: 1 Sep 2025.
Editor(s): H Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Thermochemical conversion processes, such as pyrolysis, offered significant potential for harnessing energy from biomass as a substitute for conventional fuels. This study investigated energy generation from mixed tree leaves through pyrolysis. The pyrolysis was conducted at 3 temperatures: 400, 500, and 600 °C. Characterization of the feedstock and pyrolysis products was carried out following international standards. The results showed that bio-oil yields (26.13–39.95%) and syngas yields (30.33–39.38%) increased with temperature, while the char yield decreased from 43.66-29.67%. The FC VM, AC, and MC of the biochars varied from 61.26-67.71, 4.58-12.75, 21.32-25.32, and 2.39-4.67%, respectively. After pyrolysis, the highest C (67.71%) was obtained at 600 °C, while the highest H (3.98%) was recorded at 400 °C. The study revealed that FC, AC, and C increased with temperature, whereas MC, VM, H, and O decreased. The produced biochars, particularly Char600, demonstrated HHV values (up to 23.32 MJ/kg), improved FC, and enhanced BET surface areas. While slightly lower than the HHV of traditional metallurgical coke, the biochars showed strong potential for partial substitution or co-injection in high-temperature metallurgical processes. The enhanced porosity and C contribute to their suitability as renewable solid fuels, supporting carbon footprint reduction in heavy industries.

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Keywords: Biochar; Biomass energy; Slow pyrolysis; Fixed bed Reactor; Mixed tree leaves; Thermochemical conversion
Funding: CSIR, New Delhi, India

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Section: Original Research Article
Language : EN
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